Construction deformation of rockfill dams by ronald p. Prepared by the ussd committee on materials for embankment dams. Robotic total stations rts and global positioning system gps. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as. Overview of manual the objective of this manual is to present guidance on the design, construction, and performance monitoring of and modifications to embankment. The rockfill dam with an upstream diaphragm is very well adapted to stage construction. A study on concrete faced rockfill dams usq eprints. The seismic behavior of the concrete slab in concretefaced rockfill dams cfrd is investigated, considering concrete slabcushion layer interface effect. Crest settlements are relatively low, and decrease in rate rapidly after the first few years. Concrete faced rockfill dams in china international. This type of dam has proven to be a safe structure long term and is well suited to withstand static and dynamic earthquake loading. The design and construction of earth and rockfill dams are complex.
The instrumentation installed at the dam was designed to meet international. Kinematic analysis of behavior of large earth dams anna szostakchrzanowski, canada michel massiera, canada adam chrzanowski, canada 1. Dams constructed of soil, of rock, or of a combination of soil and rock are called embankment dams. The concept of a rockfill dam with an impervious face dates from the california gold rush of the 1860s and 1870s 1. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Rockfill modulus and settlement of concrete face rockfill dams journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering september 2003 discussion of post. Icold 2006, concrete face rock fill dams, concepts. China now has 39 concrete faced rockfill dams in operation. The dam types considered are rccd roller compacted concrete dams and cfrd concrete faced rockfill dams. Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill. The paper provides an outline of important points that need to be recognized and understood when selecting material for use in embankment dams. The inherent features of concrete face rockfill dams and the tr end of building higher dams have been recently questioned by three recent incidents where major dams have experienced significant cracking in the central portion of the dam after the first filling. The rockfill dams were constructed with impervious membrane faces until earth core.
Factor of safety as a function of exit gradient for dams in parametric study with hb c 0. Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted. Threedimensional analysis of water infiltration into the. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are now constructed with great frequency throughout the world 1. Pdf behavior of concretefaced rockfill dams during. The dam at itaipu is made up by a central stretch of a hollow gravity concrete dam, a mass concrete gravity section housing the river diversion facilities, and two wings to the right and left of the central stretch formed by concrete buttress structures, adding up to a length of 3472 m and, on both sides, earthfill and rockfill dams closing the. Central thin membrane upstream thin membrane or deck unbonded or dry masonry. The dam height can be increased merely by dumping more rock behind the impervious diaphragm without interfering with or encroaching on the reservoir. Despite the occurrence of some leakage problems, salt springs dam has been operating since 1931. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. An overall introduction to concrete face rockfill damscfrd 1.
Analysis of stress and deformation of rockfill and concrete. The dam is then made watertight by continuing the impervious face upward. In case of concrete face rockfill dams cfrd, the main concern for the safety is the deformation of the concrete face slab. Nonlinear finite element reliability analysis of concretefaced. Construction problems with an earth and rockfill dam. Mechanical behavior of rockfill materials application to concrete. Materials for embankment dams united states society on dams. The techniques combine the use of robotic total stations rts and global. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds zones 1a and 1b protect the upstream concrete faces usually cohesionless silt or fine sand. The outer slopes both upstream and downstream are 1,4. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd have been widely used for multipurposes over the world. It is shown that the rockfill deforms under the water pressure and weight, and the concrete face is compressed.
Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult. Asphaltic concrete face rockfill dams are those in which this material is used as the impervious element. Analysis of stress and deformation of rockfill and. It expertly guides the reader from preliminary work through the design of various embankment dams and on to the construction and finally the control of safety in completed structures. Design and construction of earth and rock fill dams. Concrete faced rockfill dams identifying the need the design and construction of concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd has improved substantially during the last 40 years. Pdf utilizing fiber reinforced concrete as the concrete. The construction of cfrd involves placing the highergrade rock at the dam core, and compacting them to their maximum strength. The dam was constructed between 1996 and 2001 and impounding commenced in late 2000. Associate professor of civil engineering, tennessee technological university, cookeville, tennessee. Understanding the behaviour of cfrds is critical to the design and. Placing the rockfill embankment in stratified layers, with the larger rocks in the bottom of each layer, is desirable practice. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the most economical type of dams to be constructed in extreme northern and subantarctic regions. Concrete face rockfill dam draft cfrd international society hereby organized cfrd experts from relative countries for comprehensive summing up the experiences of constructions of world concrete face rockfill dam cfrd and studied the technical problems occurred recent years in the constructions of world high and very high cfrds, and presented the.
The concrete face will transfer the water pressure to the rocks and finally to the dam foundation. Rcc dams, normally designed as traditional gravity structures similar to conventional concrete dams, require treatment of the foundation rock in accordance with generally. Mitigation measures evaluation for concrete faced rockfill dams. Concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are becoming a widely used type of rockfill. Embankment dams are most economical where the materials at the dam site can be used to construct the embankment with little or no processing. Reinforced concrete slabs replaced timber as the impervious element for higher and permanent dams in. Concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds are one type of embankment dams that are built with compacted rockfill in layers or lifts and covered with concrete slabs at the upstream face as part of an impermeable barrier for the water.
Concrete face rockfill dams presents the stateoftheart of dam design and construction. Kinematic analysis of behavior of large earth dams shaping the change xxiii fig congress munich, germany, october 8, 2006 114. This standard is revised according to requirement of notice aboutpreparation of industry standards and project plan in 2005 by general office of the national developmentand reform commissiondocument with reference no. Specification for concrete face rockfill dam construction.
Therefore, for a given cfrd and earthquake, total settlement of the dam with empty reservoir is larger than the settlement of the dam with full. Masjedesoleiman dam instrumentation paul j williams, halcrow group limited synopsis. During construction, settlement of the fine and coarse filters and the rock fill may induce tensile. Central earth core sloping earth core upstream core rock with a thin membrane or diaphragm to hold water. The gouhou dam was a concretefaced rockfill dam built in a steep. Modes of dam failure and monitoring and measuring techniques. Over the past two decades, many cfrds higher than 150 m and up to 240 m were built, such. Concreteface rockfill dams cfrds are now constructed with great frequency throughout the world 1. Small embankment dams can be built of a single type of soil, which must hold back. Based on the monitoring data of shanxi concrete face rockfill dam, the stress of concrete face, deformation of rockfill and facing joints were studied.
The deformation behaviour during construction, on first filling and post first filling has been analysed from a database of some 4 embankments, including earthfill, zoned earthfill, zoned earth and rockfill and puddle core earthfill embankments. The response of concrete slab on concretefaced rockfill cfr dams is very. The fibres combine with the bitumen to decrease its. The main idea of this method is to combine either the penalty method or the. Missouri university of science and technology scholars mine. This text methodically demonstrates the basic rules for the design criteria of earthfill and rockfill dams. The intuitive use by knowhow in rock blasting works led oftenly to the construction of timber face rockfill dams, to store water for the sluicing operations. A number of rockfill dams and concrete faced rockfill dams cfrds have been constructed in near faults regions which are vulnerable to earthquakes. June 2012, 64 pages cfrd concrete faced rockfill dam construction becomes more frequent recently. Concrete face rockfill dams 1st edition paulo teixeira da. Dams dams differ from all other major civil engineering structures in a number of important regards. The deformation and contact behavior between concrete face and rockfill are important to the safety of concrete face rockfill dams.
The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd has become a preferred dam type, but its design remains largely based on past experiences. This is the category for concreteface rockfill cfrd dams. Pdf an increasing number of dams are being built on deep sand and gravel foundations. Concrete face rockfill dams 1st edition paulo teixeira. Study and monitoring the construction of a concrete face rockfill dam cfrd andre serrano instituto superior tecnico av. Concrete face rockfill dams, 2010, 406 pages, paulo. Dynamic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams considering dam foundation interaction effects mazda irani, department of civil and environmental engineering, university of alberta, edmonton, alberta, canada abstract many engineers commonly design concrete faced rockfill dams cfrd without considering earthquake ground motions. References required and related publications are listed in appendix a.
Earth and rockfill dams became popular in the 1960s primarily because of increased. Cao keming and zhuang wenzhong discuss the design and construction of these dams chinas first concrete faced rockfill dam cfrd was at kekeya. Worst case factors of safety as a function of exit gradient for dams in. Utilizing fiber reinforced concrete as the concrete face of rockfill dams vol. The rockfill dams were constructed with impervious membrane faces until earth core designs began to be developed about 1940 cooke, 1984. Seismic response analysis of face slabs in concrete face rockfill dams.
Discussion of fortuna concrete face rockfill dam by d. On rockfill concrete face dams design, construction and performance. Icold 1989b, rockfill dams with concrete facing state of the art. The concrete face rockfill dam cfrd is a type of dam widely constructed nowadays. Construction deformation of rockfill dams journal of. Concrete and masonry dams the national academies press. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult foundation conditions by paul c. Factors influencing the stress conditions, the strength. Foundation preparation for rcc dams founded on difficult foundation conditions by. Concreteface rockfill dams allcons double winch carriage series ww2 and ws2 special winch carriage, optimized for concrete slab finishing on rockfilldams and short canal passages, with two separately controllable winch drums, each with increased gear ratio. Geocomposite specialty materials that combine two or more geosynthetics, such. Safety of cfrds depends on the proper design, construction, and monitoring of actual behaviour during the construction and during. Importantly, a number of hazards may combine to cause failure of a dam and some will.
Guide for design and construction of concrete face. Introduction concrete face rockfill dams cfrds are gaining a worldwide recognition as the most economical type of dams to be constructed in extreme northern and subantarctic regions. Technical progress on researches for the safety of high. Zone 3b resists water pressure and controls face deflection.
Behavior of concrete faced rockfill dams and assesment of current analysis methodologies erdogan, emrah ergan m. Concrete face rockfill dam compared to roller compacted concrete dam. This consulting guide presents details and analyses of twentyeight large crfd dams worldwide, including the highest dam in the world. General design and construction considerations for earth and.
Foreword 1 scope 2 normative references 3 general 4 river diversion and flood control 4. Pdf behaviour of concreteface rockfill dam on sand and gravel. It expertly guides the reader from preliminary work through the design of various embankment dams and on to the construction and finally the control of. The 187m high masjedesoleiman clay core rockfill dam forms part of a 1,000mw hydropower scheme. Three dams in panama are some of the international projects that vattenfall is involved in.
361 969 633 885 1110 824 25 678 345 256 343 840 271 1582 871 365 274 1057 444 1546 158 1060 259 23 629 240 1047 1323 1378 854 861 1554 790 1476 163 388 1390 893 773 583 541 1146 1003 441 1424 1411 140 233 211 394